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| Book cover translation: Shanghai Chicken-Blood Therapy, (Inaugural Issue / First Issue), Internal Material · Please Keep Carefully, Edited by the Shanghai Municipal Chicken-Blood Therapy Liaison Committee |
1.
The dawn of China's medical modernization
The
progress of medicine in every country is often accompanied by important events,
and the same is true in China. In fact, China had, early in the 20th
century, almost completely
eliminated ancient folk medicine doctors and replaced them with modern
medical doctors. Yet today folk medicine
doctors occupy an important position in China, and are even the starting point
for the Chinese government to promote "national self-confidence".
In
1910, China was still under the imperial rule of the Qing Dynasty. At this
time, China's bureaucracy was corrupt, and the dynasty was but a
ghostly reminder of its formidable power in previous centuries. Just ten
years prior, the Boxer rebellion swept across China. It’s
defeat in 1901 by an alliance of imperialist powers greatly weakened an already
ailing Qing dynasty.[1]
At that time Tibet and the banks of the Yangtze River were
controlled by the British government, Yunnan was indirectly controlled by the
French government through the colony of Vietnam, and Shandong became a de facto
German colony. Tsarist Russia and Japan were fighting for northeast China, and
even went
to war over it. The Russo-Japanese War broke out on Chinese soil and ended with Japan's complete victory in the Battle of
Tsushima. It was at this
time
that the Qing government, whose
weakness in resisting the imperialist powers brought it to the precipice of collapse, faced a new major challenge: the pneumonic plague.
What became known historically
as the “Manchurian plague” one of
the most dangerous diseases in world history, claimed the lives of millions of
people. Whether it was the Black Death that swept through Europe or the plague
that completely destroyed the afterglow of the Mongol Empire, no country had
truly controlled a plague of this
magnitude before. Until the rise of a genuine science
of medicine and biology in the 18th and 19th centuries there
were no scientifically guided procedures for determining the origins of a plague
or its method of transmission. There were thus few lessons to be learned from
this historical record, which in turn reinforced the conviction that plagues
are acts of god about which there is nothing that can be done.[2]
In
fact, the Manchurian plague
originated in Tsarist Russia. Siberia's vast and sparsely populated land was
full of pathogens, and cheap Chinese laborers were regarded as the best labor
force by the Tsarist aristocracy. When this large-scale plague broke out in
Russia, more than 600,000 Chinese workers were working in Siberia. But when the
Tsarist government discovered the plague outbreak, it immediately blocked the
news and repatriated all Chinese workers, many of whom had contracted the
plague due to poor living conditions. The epidemic broke out in Manchuria on
the Sino-Russian border and quickly swept through northeastern China. The
shameless tsar, who single-handedly created the plague, declared at this time
that if China could not control the epidemic, Tsarist Russia would send troops
south to "help" the Qing government control the epidemic. Another
emerging imperialist country, Japan, responded the same way: if China could not
control the epidemic and led to the Russian invasion, Japan would send troops
to intervene.
At this time, the progressives in the Chinese government knew that traditional Chinese folk medicine doctors could not control any plague, and the threat of force from Japan and Russia was imminent. The rulers of the Qing dynasty still remember the events of the great powers' conquest of the capital during the Boxer rebellion. The diplomat Shi Zhaoji of the Qing Empire recommended the famous medical scientist Wu Liande, a Malaysian of Chinese heritage, to lead the government’s efforts against the plague. Wu Liande was given full authority to wage the war against the epidemic in the northeast region.[3]
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| Wu Liande |
2.
Wu
Liande’s victory: science defeats a plague
As
a doctor of medicine, Wu Liande received a complete and scientific medical
education. He knew that to understand a plague, we must first understand its
transmission route.
Wu
Liande and Russian scientists formed a joint investigation team to the
northeast, and the group first came to Manchuria and then to Russia to
investigate. After investigation, Wu Liande and Russian scientists found out
that the plague was introduced to China from Russia, and as early as 1905,
there was a plague epidemic in Russia. The vector of transmission is animal
marmots. Due to the extremely rampant smuggling of marmots on the Sino-Russian
border and frequent contact between humans and animals, marmots have become one
of the reasons for the spread of the epidemic. However, after 1910, the Tsarist
Russian government adopted the method of blocking news and driving Chinese
workers who had the plague back to China. These returned Chinese workers
returned to their hometowns, causing the spread of the plague epidemic.
According to Wu Liande's statistics, the plague epidemic has affected more than
70 counties in the northeast region, and more than 60,000 people have been
killed. More than 5,000 people were killed in Fujiadian, Harbin City, the
epicenter of the epidemic.
After
knowing the source of the epidemic, Wu Liande decided to perform an autopsy on
the bodies of the victims. But this is difficult to do in China, which is very
backward and conservative, as experienced by the great European doctors
hundreds of years ago. Under great pressure from the people, Wu Liande secretly
dissected the body of a Japanese woman who died of plague, and after
pathological research, he concluded that the "culprit" of the
epidemic was plague bacillus, and airborne transmission was an important
channel for the spread of plague bacillus.
In
the face of the menacing epidemic, the Chinese government called on all
doctors, including ancient Chinese folk medicine doctors and modern medical doctors. But not a single folk
medicine doctor was willing to go to
the epidemic area. Eventually, all Chinese medical school students were called
up to the northeast. Most of them did not have a full medical education, but
they believed that their efforts could really help ordinary people who were threatened.
After
the doctors and nurses arrived at the front line, Wu Liande first blocked
Fujiadian, the epicenter of the epidemic, to isolate Fujiadian from the outside
world. More than 1,100 military officers and soldiers were sent from the
Changchun area to isolate the epidemic area from the outside world. More than
1,000 soldiers along the Middle East Road railway checked passengers, and
passengers who got off the train had to be quarantined for a week without
symptoms before leaving. The Qing Empire also imposed "lockdown"
measures on Shanhaiguan to prevent the epidemic from entering China's densely
populated North China Plain.
Wu
Liande divided different
designated isolation hospitals with white, red, yellow and blue, and divided different isolation ward areas. There
were clearly designated epidemic
hospitals, hospitals treating patients with mild symptoms, hospitals treating patients suspected of
infection and epidemic prevention
medical offices. Patients were
placed into the isolation wards
of the corresponding hospitals for treatment according to their symptoms. This was an unprecedented first in China's fight against
infectious diseases. All houses are repeatedly disinfected by burning sulfur
and other methods to cut off the transmission route of germs. Isolation
hospitals isolate patients from the outside world and completely block the
source of infectious diseases. There were not enough isolation wards, and Wu
Liande also borrowed train cars from Japan and Tsarist Russia to isolate
patients. This allowed China to quickly control the spread of the epidemic and
make full use of China's scarce medical resources.
In order to prevent the spread of the epidemic, doctors decided to burn the corpses after discussion. On January 30, 1911, with the support of Zaifeng, the regent of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Liande burned more than 2,200 corpses.
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| Disposal of corpses |
In
addition, Wu Liande also invented a mask with a potion in the middle layer.
This double-layer mask is the prototype of the mask in modern medicine. In some
backward countries, Wu Liande-style masks are still in use. These measures basically blocked the spread of the epidemic.
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| Health workers wearing masks designed by Wu Liande |
Through
the efforts of Wu Liande and various departments of the Qing Empire, the Qing
Empire eliminated the plague epidemic in more than 60 days. This first
"war against the epidemic" in Chinese history went down in history as
China's victory. In the past thousands of years, every plague that has swept
across the country in China has killed at least one-fifth of the country's
population. According to post-mortem statistics, the Qing Empire dispatched
nearly 3,000 medical teams, troops and other anti-epidemic forces at that time,
and 297 people sacrificed their lives in the fight against the plague. The
plague was also one of the greatest successes in the history of infectious
disease prevention and control in the world, and doctors finally knew how to
completely prevent and control the epidemic. In April 1911, the Qing government
also held the World Plague Research Conference to share this great achievement.
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| Officials from Qing government sharing photographs at an international conference |
3. The folk medicine doctor was eliminated
In
this plague, China's traditional folk medicine doctors were defeated. The most
famous folk
medicine doctor in Northeast China
refused to wear a mask and eventually contracted the plague. When he died, his
wife, wearing a full set of protective measures, left his body on the street in
disgust, waiting for a professional doctor to collect the body. Even an
illiterate woman with small
feet[4] knew to
stay away from the corpse, and he didn't know it. In this great plague, the
doctors of traditional Chinese folk medicine doctors published their so-called
prescriptions in newspapers and argued about which herb could better treat
patients. But none of them wanted to reach the epidemic area. After this major
plague, almost all Chinese people knew the huge difference between traditional
folk medicine doctors and modern medicine, and traditional folk medicine
doctors quickly declined.
Using the tools of modern medicine, Chinese doctors began to analyze
the active ingredients of traditional folk medicine doctors on a large scale,
and finally discovered many shocking facts: the drugs used in traditional
Chinese folk medicine doctors to treat depression, anxiety and sleep aids
generally contain a lot of lead and mercury. A patient with anxiety and
insomnia will not cry or make trouble due to nervous system poisoning after
drinking drugs containing lead. Most of the drugs used for diuresis in
traditional Chinese medicine can directly damage the kidney structure, which
can of course increase urine, but it will also cause irreversible damage to the
kidneys of the human body. A large number of drugs believed in traditional
medicine that can increase blood circulation have been proven to contain a
large amount of saponins. These saponins can rupture the body's blood cells,
destroy platelets, and cause nosebleeds. In the end, according to statistics,
the average life expectancy of princes in the Qing Dynasty royal family in
China was 32 years old, and the average life expectancy of princesses was 21
years old. [5]But at
that time, the average life expectancy of Chinese people who did not receive
any folk
medicine treatment could reach
about 40 years
All
this was gradually moving forward, and with the gradual implementation of
Chinese education and the propaganda of intellectuals, traditional Chinese folk
medicine doctors finally lost all fig leafs of authority and were rejected by the Chinese. But everything
changed with the coming of the CCP.
4.
Mao’s
promotion of anti-intellectualism and irrationalism
Mao’s hostility to modern science,
the form in which his anti-intellectualism was expressed, was closely connected
to his embrace of a crude form of Chinese nationalism. As far as Mao was concerned, any field of
scientific endeavor that traced its roots back to Chinese culture and tradition
was always to be favored over those sciences that developed out of an international
exchange of ideas over the centuries.
The latter were suspected of being infused with bourgeois ideas. This ideology of anti-intellectualism and fear
of foreign influence came out in its most extreme form in the years of the
Cultural Revolution but it can be traced back to the earliest phases of Mao’s
career. Mao was responsible for many anti-intellectual and irrational actions in his life that proved very harmful to
China. The Maoists who regard it as idolatry to criticize Mao are as anti-intellectual as he was.
In
1953, Mao Zedong personally promoted traditional Chinese folk medicine doctors
throughout the country and accused modern medicine of being bourgeois. He
directly identified traditional Chinese folk medicine doctors as the so-called
precious heritage of Chinese culture and demanded that China carry forward
traditional folk medicine doctors.[6] This
irrational man even opposed all
concepts of modern medicine, believing that traditional Chinese folk medicine doctors were a new path independent of modern
medicine. He forced all medical students to study Chinese medicine, regardless
of whether they had received a complete modern medical education.[7] Under
his strong promotion, these traditional folk medicine doctors dared to use
decoctions made from herbs to be injected directly into people's blood vessels
with only simple filtering
China's
greatest doctor of the last century was named Tu Youyou, and she was one of the
100 greatest scientists of the last century. Her most famous achievement was
the invention of the second malaria drug after quinine, which is still used
today and saved hundreds of millions of people. This also earned her the Nobel
Prize. But the story of her invention of the drug was forcibly twisted by the
Chinese government in order to promote their nationalistic
view of “Chinese medicine”.
The
drug was named artemisinin by the Chinese government because ancient Chinese
texts once wrote that Artemisia annua could treat malaria. But in fact, this
special drug has nothing to do with this book or Artemisia annua. In fact, Tu
Youyou and her R&D team extracted an active ingredient in Artemisia annua
and added two hydrogen atoms to the artemisia artemisia extract through
chemical synthesis. Regardless of whether they extract this substance from
Artemisia annua, even if it is extracted from willow trees, it will be named
artemisinin by the Chinese government. Because the Chinese government has long
defined her drug as a victory for traditional Chinese folk medicine doctors.
From 1953 to today, the Chinese government has been bombarding the people with
information about traditional folk medicine doctors: from anti-intellectualism
in the Mao era to today, traditional folk medicine doctors are increasingly in
an irreplaceable position in today's China.
Traditional
folk medicine doctors have also unexpectedly contributed to China's major
health care product market. In 2025 alone, China's total
pharmaceutical market reached USD 328.6 Billion.[8]
As of 2023 the percentage of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as part of
China’s overall pharmaceutical marker was estimated at 26.5%.[9]
Another bizarre medicine
facilitated by modern traditional folk medicine doctors, proprietary Chinese
medicine, has also been born.
There
are three main types of proprietary Chinese medicines, the first is to mix and
wash the herbs directly, grind them into powder, and pack them in bags for
people to drink. The second is to concentrate the soup after calcining the
herbs into granules, and the patient needs to reduce them into decoctions with
water when using them. The third is to directly press the concentrated soup
into tablets or capsules. They even inject the decoction after the herbs are
boiled directly into the human body.
Of
course, Chinese folk medicine
doctors are aware of the ineffectiveness of most TCM’s
as well as the destructive effects of some. Therefore, they counterfeit a large number of drugs
and add excessive modern medical ingredients to them. All proprietary Chinese
medicines can be marketed in China without any clinical trials, and they can
even write that the side effects are "unclear" in their own
instruction manuals. The results of this practice are what one would
expect from a largely unregulated market exploited by all types of charlatans.
A study from 2015 warns that the
shock rate caused by TCM injections are very high.[10] A 2019 study conducted by the National
Institute of Health concluded,
TCM
injections have higher risk of adverse effects than any other dosage forms of
TCM medications and higher percentage of new or serious adverse effects than
conventional injections.[11]
Calculations based on known data
made by the author of this article show that the shock rate caused by TCM injections
has at times exceeded 60% of all Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) to injections. And the mortality rate has exceeded 20% of all
fatalities caused by injections, resulting in more than 10,000 excess deaths due
to TCM injections in recent years. [See chart below.]
 |
Despite those facts, no one has been held accountable by the government of China for the destructive effects of TCM injections. Folk medicine doctors make a lot of money, and while their patients are not cured of their diseases, they do get lots of side effects from the injections, which in turn induces them to take more TCM concoctions, further enriching the folk medicine doctors.
In
terms of healthcare, the Mao era did not leave any good legacy for China. We
can clearly see that in most industries, the Mao era left a purely negative
legacy to its successors. Are TCM injections a good legacy? Or is it a good thing to cultivate
anti-intellectualism in a country? I even want to ask these so-called people
who laid the foundation for the future: Are you as
irrational as Mao Zedong when he
promoted folk medicine doctors? Or do you think the Chinese government has not
done enough to correct the problems associated with traditional folk medicine over the years?
China has not been able to correct
the anti-intellectual influence left by the Mao era to this day, which is the
greatest legacy he left to modern China. We Chinese Totskyists reject
this legacy which has proved so harmful to the people of China.
5.
The madness of the Mao Zedong era
Mao's
anti-intellectualism cannot be described in words. The Chinese experienced the
worst health crisis under his rule. There were three main reasons. First: his
"revolutionary" call for a wide movement of the national population
in extremely poor sanitary conditions. Second: doctors were required to treat
diseases according to "Chairman Mao's highest instructions". Third: problems
caused by food and medicine
shortages.
“Chairman Mao's supreme instructions” are a significant cause of Chinese health problems. In order to verify
the effectiveness of traditional Chinese patent medicine he began to call on the whole country to verify the
so-called "folk remedies". In the end, several treatments stood out.
The
method of “treating the deaf
and mute with Mao Zedong Thought” was particularly praised by the Chinese government. In
the Chinese government's official media "People's Daily", it was advertised as follows:
The "authority" and "expert" of
bourgeois medicine carry out Liu Shaoqi's counter-revolutionary revisionist
health line, ignoring the suffering of the working people, and blindly admiring
foreign countries, and declaring all diseases that cannot be cured by
foreigners as "incurable diseases". The so-called "incurable
disease" is an extremely wrong argument, and it is a reflection of
idealistic and metaphysical medical thought. According to the Marxist-Leninist
view, everything in the world can be recognized. Therefore, all diseases should
also be able to be gradually recognized and treated. The fact that we rely on
Mao Zedong Thought to open up the "forbidden area" for the deaf and
mute is a good example.
In order to relieve the pain of our class brothers and
sisters, we are determined to prick them with needles. The dumb door point is
an important acupuncture point for the treatment of deafness and mutism.
However, in old acupuncture books, some classify it as a "forbidden
point", and some stipulate that it can only be pierced three to five
points deep. Practice has proved that piercing to this depth will not yield
good results. Can you pierce it deeper? At that time, some people said:
"There is no chapter on the treatment of deafness and mute in foreign
books! Even foreigners think it is an 'incurable disease', but you want to cure
it, what nonsense!" Some people say; if you prick an inch at this
acupoint, a good person will become mute; if you prick an inch and a half
points, your life will be in danger. "Bourgeois" authorities and
"experts" only know how to drill into books and climb behind
foreigners, where is there a little idea of breaking the rules and old frames,
catching up with the world's advanced level, and serving the working people!
The so-called "incurable disease" is actually a disease that cannot
be treated!
I also followed Chairman Mao's teachings on the
combination of revolutionary spirit and scientific attitude, and analyzed in
detail the location of the dumb door point and the central nervous system in
front of the human anatomy diagram with my comrades. With infinite loyalty to
the great leader Chairman Mao, I took a shining silver needle and pierced the
first needle deep into my dumb door point. When I pierced it to a depth of one
and a half inches, I felt a strong feeling of numbness in my arms and hands,
and my whole body felt like an electric shock. At this time, Chairman Mao's
great voice sounded in my ears: "If you want to struggle, there will be
sacrifices, and death often happens. But we think of the interests of the
people and the suffering of the majority of the people, and we die for the
people, which means we die well." "There is a red sun in my heart,
and there is no obstacle on the way forward. I finally plunged more than two
inches deep into my dumb acupoint. I was very happy that I relied on Mao Zedong
Thought to open the "forbidden area" of the dumb door, which dealt a
powerful blow to Liu Shaoqi's counter-revolutionary revisionist health line. In
this way, I repeatedly tested on myself nearly a hundred times, pricked
hundreds of needles, and gradually mastered some laws for treating deaf and
dumb diseases.[12]
The
second is to fight "chicken blood". The word "chicken
blood" is still retained in Chinese as a satire. This treatment is more
ridiculous than the previous one. In 1967, the Red Guards in Shanghai issued a pamphlet
called "Shanghai Chicken Blood Therapy". The Chinese Ministry of
Science and the medical department found this ridiculous. Under the pressure of
Mao Zedong personally standing on the platform of the Red Guards, in December
1966, the Ministry of Health revoked the "Notice on "Chicken Blood
Therapy" issued in 1965 in the form of an "urgent letter",
admitting the mistake of banning chicken blood therapy. After that, we do not
know how many people died from intravenous injection of chicken blood. A
history of Chicken Blood Therapy and its eventual demise was published
in 2018 in Macau in a rare instance of open criticism of Mao Zedong.[13]
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| Promotional item for Chicken Blood Therapy |
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| Page 2 of Chicken Blood Therapy book |
[Text of page 2 of the book on Chicken Blood, AI translation. Note that the term “Highest Directive” is a reference to the words of Mao Zedong]
Highest
Directive
“The
principles of Marxism are numerous and varied, but when reduced to their
essence, they boil down to one sentence: It is right to rebel. … Based
on this principle, one must resist, struggle, and carry out socialism.”
Chicken-Blood
Therapy
“A
fundamental victory in the struggle to criticize and combat the bourgeois
reactionary line!”
Premier
Zhou Enlai said:
“The way
the Central Ministry of Health handled chicken-blood therapy was a violation of
Mao Zedong Thought.”
Since
chicken-blood therapy was first developed and put into practice in May 1959,
it had, by the time this was written, produced remarkable results. It rapidly
spread throughout the country, reaching even remote mountain and rural areas,
and was enthusiastically welcomed by the broad masses of peasants and workers.
It was considered to make a tremendous contribution to the principle of “preparing
for war, preparing for famine, and serving the people.”
However,
the Central Ministry of Health and the Shanghai Municipal Health
Bureau, following the “bourgeois reactionary line,” used the “detailed
investigation” of their so-called “authoritative experts” to treat this
new development as something forbidden. As a result, for eight years the
practice was prohibited, causing enormous harm to people's health.
After
the Cultural Revolution began, the Red Guards in Beijing and the Shanghai
Red Guards formed a joint investigation team to investigate and verify the
situation described above. When the team returned to Beijing, it received the
strong support of the Central authorities.
The “Ministry
of Health of the Old City Lord” could only admit its error. On December
28, 1966, it issued a notice throughout the country withdrawing the
erroneous directive that had prohibited chicken-blood therapy.
The
third most popular folk medicine is willow branch grafting. Cut willow branches to
peel off the skin, cut into the shape of a bone, open the bone cavity in the
middle of the bone, apply hot chicken blood at both ends, and insert it into
the middle of the two broken bones for filling. This treatment method combines
the chicken blood therapy mentioned above. Others are similar to drinking
kerosene for bronchitis.
China also made exceptions for
traditional shamanistic doctors, a remnant of the Mao Zedong era. Mao
personally ordered the promotion of "people's wisdom" among the
populace. From that time onward, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
practitioners could obtain medical licenses without any university or professional
education; these were called "barefoot doctors." The licenses
obtained by these doctors were indistinguishable from those earned by
university students after years of hard work. Today, this system has evolved
into a pathway for those who want a medical license but don't want to study. In
contemporary China, any TCM practitioner who can prove they have a lineage of
"three generations" or more of "old TCM doctors" can obtain
a medical license without examination. Today, this system has become a complete
money-making scheme. "Old TCM doctors" accept money to take on
apprentices, and in less than six months, they can obtain a medical license
that university students typically study for five years or more to obtain. A
business license can generally be obtained for around $10,000. A simple search
for "TCM lineage" on the Chinese internet search engine Baidu will
automatically fill the entire webpage with advertisements.
Under
the influence of this trend of thought, the Chinese were completely shrouded in
anti-intellectualism. Anti-intellectualism made the throne of Emperor Mao
Zedong more secure. Finally, China has cultivated the world's least resistant
generation. You can't expect people with such anti-intellectual ideas to have
the most basic consciousness of modern citizens. An entire generation faced the
oppression of the Chinese government and capitalists without large-scale
resistance or even large-scale dissatisfaction.
6.
What do we do?
First, we must expose the
anti-intellectualism of Maoism, which is also a characteristic that one can
find in Maoist groups internationally.
Second,
we have to find a way to
explain it to people who have a positive impression of Maoism due to a poor understanding of
its history. This is especially the case in China where praising Mao is mandatory in all educational
and government institutions. But I
don't think it's difficult. The great image that Mao Zedong gained in the
Chinese government's propaganda machine will collapse with the Chinese
government.
Third,
we must adhere to the correct scientific concept. Science is not developed by
any one person in a flash. Science does not change with the self-righteous
instructions of some people. This point was made by Trotsky a hundred
years ago in a speech he gave to the Mendeleyev Society of Russian chemists:
Whenever
any Marxist attempted to transmute the theory of Marx into a universal
master-key and ignore all other spheres of learning, Vladimir Ilyich (Lenin)
would rebuke him with the expressive phrase: “Komchvanstvo” (“Communist
swagger”). This would mean in this particular case – Communism is not a
substitute for chemistry.[14]
Mao Zedong Thought –a depraved
caricature of communism – is no substitute for medical science.
This has relevance today for
some so-called Marxists who wish to follow in the footsteps of Lysenko and substitute
their political views for scientific
theory
and practice.[15]
Finally,
we wish to observe a moment of silence for the Chinese who
were killed by Mao Zedong’s destructive medical policies. We also wish a speedy recovery to those who have been harmed by his folk
medicine policy. We also hope that the medical profession can become a discipline that
attracts students who want to work for the benefit of the people and not for an
economic or political advantage for themselves.
[2] The Manchurian
plague was a pneumonic plague that originated from bacteria picked up from
marmots and passed on to marmot fur hunters who, in turn, passed on the
infection to immigrant Chinese laborers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_plague
The Black Death was a bubonic plague. Bubonic plagues are spread by infected
fleas from small animals such as rats. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague
[3] The main information on plagues comes from
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/plague
[4] Small feet: A reference to foot
binding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_binding
[5] http://scholarsupdate.hi2net.com/news.asp?NewsID=35489
[6]
https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/1968/3-055.htm
[7]
https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/1968/3-061.htm
[9] Progress
on the Industrial Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on
Artificial Intelligence
[10] Guo YJ, Wang DW,
Meng L, Wang YQ. Analysis of anaphylactic shock caused by 17 types of
traditional Chinese medicine injections used to treat cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:420607. doi:
10.1155/2015/420607. Epub 2015 Apr 27. PMID: 26000291; PMCID: PMC4426654.
[11] Li H, Deng J,
Deng L, Ren X, Xia J. Safety profile of traditional Chinese herbal injection:
An analysis of a spontaneous reporting system in China. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug
Saf. 2019 Jul;28(7):1002-1013. doi: 10.1002/pds.4805. Epub 2019 May 27. PMID:
31131950
[15] Trofim
Denisovich Lysenko, September] 1898 – 20 November 1976)
was a Soviet agronomist. He
rejected Mendelian genetics in favour of his own
idiosyncratic, pseudoscientific ideas later termed Lysenkoism.
In 1940, Lysenko became director of the Institute of Genetics of
the Soviet Academy of Sciences, and he used his political influence and
power to suppress dissenting opinions and discredit, marginalize, and imprison
his critics, elevating his anti-Mendelian theories to state-sanctioned
doctrine.
Soviet scientists
who refused to renounce genetics were dismissed from their posts and left
destitute. Several were imprisoned including the botanist Nikolai
Vavilov Lysenko's ideas and practices contributed to
lower agricultural yields in the Soviet Union throughout the late 1930s until
his downfall in the mid-1960s; and found political and academic influence in
other Eastern Bloc countries and China from the late 1940s
through the mid-1950s
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